Symptoms and causes of seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin condition that causes redness, scaling and itching in various areas of the body, especially those with a high concentration of sebaceous glands. Understanding its symptoms, causes and treatment options is critical to effectively managing this condition and knowing when to go to a dermatology specialist.

What is seborrheic dermatitis?

Seborrheic dermatitis is a type of eczema that predominantly affects areas rich in sebaceous glands, such as the scalp, face and upper trunk. Although its exact cause is not completely known, it has been associated with factors such as sebaceous gland activity and the presence of the fungus Malassezia.

Symptoms

The symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis can vary in intensity and manifest themselves in different ways depending on the affected area:

• Scalp: Presence of white or yellowish scales that may flake off easily (dandruff) or form thicker crusts adhering to the scalp.

• Face: Redness and flaking in areas such as the eyebrows, sides of the nose and behind the ears.

• Beard and mustache: Inflammation and scaling in areas where facial hair grows, which may cause discomfort and affect cosmetic appearance.

• Other areas: Erythematous plaques with scaling in regions such as the chest, back and intertriginous areas (skin folds).

Causes

Although the exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis has not been determined, several factors have been identified that may contribute to its development:

• Sebaceous gland activity: overproduction of sebum can create an environment conducive to the growth of microorganisms that irritate the skin.

• Presence of the fungus Malassezia: This fungus, which is part of the normal skin flora, can proliferate excessively under conditions of high sebum production, triggering an inflammatory response.

• Genetic factors: Genetic predisposition may influence susceptibility to develop seborrheic dermatitis.

• Environmental factors: Stress, cold and dry weather, and certain cosmetic products can exacerbate symptoms.

When to see a doctor

Consultation with a dermatologist is recommended if:

• Symptoms do not improve with self-care measures.

• The affected areas are extensive or cause significant discomfort.

• Signs of infection are present, such as increased redness, pain or oozing.

Proper diagnosis is essential to rule out other skin conditions and receive appropriate treatment.

Treatment

Management of seborrheic dermatitis focuses on reducing inflammation and scaling, as well as controlling the growth of the Malassezia fungus. Treatment options include:

• Medicated shampoos: Formulated with ingredients such as ketoconazole, ciclopirox, selenium sulfide or zinc pyrithione, they help reduce fungal growth and flaking on the scalp.

• Antifungal creams or ointments: Applied to affected areas of the skin to control fungal growth.

• Low potency topical corticosteroids: Help reduce inflammation and redness in acute outbreaks.

• Calcineurin inhibitors: such as tacrolimus or pimecrolimus, are alternatives to corticosteroids for the treatment of sensitive areas such as the face.

In addition to medical treatment, it is important to maintain good hygiene of the affected areas, avoid irritating products and follow the dermatologist's instructions for the proper management of seborrheic dermatitis.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic condition that can be effectively managed with proper diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan. If you experience persistent or severe symptoms, consult a healthcare professional for specialized guidance and care.

Reviewed by Dr. Santiago Guillén